![]() Previously, these measurements required large scale X-ray facilities and highly specialized equipment, thus being very expensive. However, such measurements are extremely difficult because of the tiny volume of the sample brought to high pressure. In this case, the volume of the sample has to be measured directly-the density of a material equals its mass divided by volume. is non-crystalline, like glasses or molten rocks. There is, however, a problem if the material has a disordered structure, i.e. But how can the density of a material be measured at such extreme conditions? To answer this question for a crystalline mineral or a rock, scientists use X-ray diffraction with which one measures the spacing between the periodically arranged atoms. ![]() In geosciences, the density of minerals, rocks, and melts at pressures up to several million atmospheres and temperatures of several thousand degrees is of critical importance because it governs the long-term planetary evolution as well as volcanic processes.
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